Overview
Understanding the relationship between grants of representation and Inheritance Tax (IHT) is vital for aspiring solicitors preparing for the SQE1 FLK2 exam. This guide dives into estate administration, strategic tax planning, and complex scenarios likely to appear in the exam. Mastering these areas prepares candidates to tackle challenging questions and build a strong base for future legal practice in estate planning.
Grants of Representation
Grants of representation empower individuals to manage a deceased person's estate, ensuring the lawful transfer of assets according to a will or intestacy regulations.
Probate
A grant of probate is issued when a valid will exists, allowing executors to:
- Fulfill the will's instructions
- Manage the estate, including debts and legal obligations
- Distribute assets as directed by the testator
Letters of Administration
Letters of administration are issued when:
- No valid will exists (intestacy)
- Appointed executors are unable or unwilling to perform their duties
Administrators manage the estate based on intestacy rules, dictating asset distribution to surviving family members.
Legal Duties and Liabilities
Personal representatives (executors and administrators) have major responsibilities:
- Duty of Care: Exercise reasonable care in managing the estate (Nestle v National Westminster Bank plc [1993] 1 WLR 1260)
- Fiduciary Obligations: Act for the benefit of the estate and beneficiaries
- Liability for Mistakes: Personal liability for errors in administration (Re Tankard [1942] Ch 69)
- Tax Responsibilities: Accurate calculation and timely payment of IHT, with penalties for non-compliance
Inheritance Tax Basics
IHT is levied at 40% on estates exceeding the nil rate band, currently £325,000. Applying exemptions and reliefs is crucial for effective estate planning.
Key Exemptions and Reliefs
-
Spouse/Civil Partner Exemption:
- Unlimited tax-free transfers between spouses/civil partners
- Transferable Nil Rate Band: Unused NRB can be moved to a surviving spouse
-
Charitable Donations:
- Gifts to qualified charities are exempt from IHT
- Reduced Rate: Estates donating 10% or more to charity benefit from a reduced 36% IHT rate
-
Business Property Relief (BPR) and Agricultural Property Relief (APR):
- BPR: Up to 100% relief on qualifying business assets
- APR: Up to 100% relief on agricultural property
- HMRC v Pawson [2013] UKUT 50 (TCC) clarified BPR application to holiday letting businesses
-
Residence Nil Rate Band (RNRB):
- Additional allowance for passing a main residence to direct descendants
- Current RNRB is £175,000 per individual, with a tapered reduction for estates over £2 million
Recent Legislative Updates
- Nil Rate Band Freeze: Standard NRB (£325,000) and RNRB (£175,000) frozen until April 2026 (Finance Act 2021)
- Trust Reporting Requirements: Enhanced reporting under the Trust Registration Service
- Offshore Structures: Increased scrutiny of offshore arrangements for IHT mitigation (Finance Act 2018)
Strategic Tax Planning
Effective planning involves minimizing IHT liability while honoring the testator's wishes through exemptions, reliefs, and trusts.
Discretionary Trusts
These trusts offer flexibility and tax benefits:
- Adaptability: Trustees can adjust distributions based on changing circumstances
- Tax Mitigation: Trusts can strategically reduce IHT exposure, especially for large estates
- Asset Protection: Protects assets from beneficiaries' creditors or divorce
IHT Treatment of Discretionary Trusts
- Initial transfer may incur chargeable lifetime transfer
- Manage periodic and exit charges through careful planning
Post-Death Variations and Disclaimers
These tools allow for post-mortem estate planning:
-
Deed of Variation:
- Beneficiaries can redirect inheritance within two years of death for tax efficiency
- Must adhere to section 142 of the Inheritance Tax Act 1984
-
Disclaimers:
- Beneficiary renounces entitlement before accepting any benefit
- Property is distributed as if the disclaiming beneficiary had predeceased the deceased
Interaction with the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975
Consider potential claims under the 1975 Act:
- Eligible Claimants: Include spouses, children, and dependants
- Time Limits: Claims within six months of the grant of representation
- Judicial Considerations: Courts evaluate factors like financial resources (Ilott v The Blue Cross and others [2017] UKSC 17)
- Impact on IHT: Successful claims may alter estate distribution and IHT calculations
Advanced Examples
Example 1: Complex Estate with Multiple Reliefs
Estate value: £2,500,000
- Main residence: £800,000
- Business assets qualifying for BPR: £1,000,000
- Other assets: £700,000
Scenario: Deceased leaves the estate to their spouse, with a letter of wishes for future distributions to children.
Analysis:
- Spouse exemption avoids immediate IHT.
- Unused NRB (£325,000) and RNRB (£175,000) transferable to the surviving spouse.
- Maintain BPR-qualifying status for future tax relief.
Strategic Considerations:
- Surviving spouse could consider lifetime gifts or discretionary trusts to use transferred NRB and RNRB.
- Manage BPR-qualifying assets to ensure ongoing relief.
Example 2: Post-Death Variation with Charitable Element
Estate value: £1,500,000 Original will: Estate equally to two adult children.
Scenario: Beneficiaries execute a deed of variation to redirect 10% to charity and place shares in discretionary trusts for their children.
Analysis:
- Charitable gift lowers IHT rate from 40% to 36%.
- Discretionary trusts treated as potentially exempt transfers (PET).
- IHT calculation:
- Taxable estate: £1,500,000 - £150,000 (charity) - £325,000 (NRB) = £1,025,000
- IHT due: £1,025,000 * 36% = £369,000
Strategic Considerations:
- Variation executed within two years of death under section 142 IHTA 1984.
- Discretionary trusts offer flexibility and potential IHT savings.
Conclusion
A firm grasp of the interaction between grants of representation and Inheritance Tax is key for success in the SQE1 FLK2 exam. Remember:
- Understanding different grants and their impacts
- Comprehensive knowledge of IHT exemptions and reliefs, including legislative updates
- Strategic trust use, post-death variations, and disclaimers for tax planning
- Considering potential Inheritance Act claims and their effects
- Ability to assess complex scenarios with multiple reliefs and techniques
By developing a thorough understanding of these subjects and their practical applications, candidates will be prepared to handle difficult exam questions and build a solid foundation for their future legal careers in estate planning and administration.