Introduction
Capital Gains Tax (CGT) is a tax on the profit realized from the disposal of assets, including those inherited by beneficiaries during estate administration. Under UK law, CGT is not levied at the point of inheritance but arises when the beneficiary disposes of the inherited asset, such as by selling or gifting it. The 'probate value' of the asset—its market value at the date of the deceased's death—serves as the acquisition cost for CGT purposes. Beneficiaries and estate administrators must understand the core principles of CGT calculations, the relevant exemptions and reliefs, and the legal obligations associated with disposing of inherited assets to accurately assess and manage potential tax liabilities.
Key Concepts in CGT for Inherited Assets
Understanding Probate Value
The probate value of an inherited asset is its market value at the date of the deceased's death, as determined during the probate process. This valuation serves as the base cost for the beneficiary when calculating any capital gain upon the disposal of the asset. For instance, if a beneficiary inherits a property valued at £300,000 at the time of death, this amount becomes the acquisition cost for CGT purposes when the property is eventually sold.
Events Triggering CGT Liability
Capital Gains Tax is not charged upon the receipt of an inheritance but arises when the beneficiary undertakes a disposal of the asset. Disposal events include selling the asset, gifting it, or exchanging it. For example, selling inherited shares for a profit, giving inherited property to someone else, or receiving compensation for the loss or destruction of an asset can all trigger CGT liability.
Calculating Capital Gains Tax on Inherited Assets
Steps in CGT Calculation
The calculation of CGT on the disposal of an inherited asset involves several steps:
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Determine the Disposal Proceeds: The amount received from the disposal of the asset, which is usually the sale price or market value if the asset is gifted.
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Establish the Acquisition Cost: This is the probate value of the asset at the date of inheritance.
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Calculate Allowable Expenses: Deduct any costs associated with the acquisition and disposal of the asset, such as legal fees, estate agent fees, and costs of improvements made to the asset.
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Compute the Capital Gain: Subtract the acquisition cost and allowable expenses from the disposal proceeds.
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Apply Reliefs and Exemptions: Deduct any applicable tax reliefs or exemptions, such as the Annual Exempt Amount or Principal Private Residence Relief.
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Determine the Tax Rate: Apply the appropriate CGT rate based on the individual's income tax band and the type of asset disposed of.
Complexities in CGT Calculations
Mixed-Use Properties
When an inherited property is used both as a residence and for commercial purposes, calculating the CGT can be more complex. The gain must be apportioned between the residential and non-residential parts of the property, as different tax rates may apply to each portion.
Partial Disposals
If a beneficiary disposes of only part of an inherited asset, such as selling a portion of land or some shares from a larger holding, the base cost must be apportioned accordingly to calculate the gain attributable to the partial disposal.
Valuation of Unusual Assets
Inherited assets that are rare or unique, such as artwork or collectibles, may require professional valuation to ascertain their market value both at the time of inheritance and at disposal to accurately calculate the capital gain.
Interaction Between CGT and Inheritance Tax
Avoidance of Double Taxation
In some cases, both Inheritance Tax (IHT) and CGT may be relevant. While IHT is charged on the value of the deceased's estate at death, CGT is charged on the beneficiary's gain upon disposal. To prevent double taxation on the same value increase, certain reliefs and rules ensure that where IHT has been paid, CGT does not apply to the same value increment.
Tax Planning Considerations
Beneficiaries and estate planners should consider the interaction between CGT and IHT to minimize overall tax liabilities. For example, lifetime gifting of assets can reduce IHT if the donor survives seven years after the gift but may give rise to immediate CGT implications. Conversely, holding onto assets until death may avoid CGT but increase IHT exposure.
Strategies for Managing CGT Liability
Timing and Manner of Asset Disposals
Careful planning of when and how to dispose of inherited assets can mitigate CGT liability. For instance, spreading disposals over multiple tax years may allow beneficiaries to utilize the Annual Exempt Amount in each year, reducing the taxable gain.
Utilization of Tax Reliefs
Beneficiaries should explore available tax reliefs to reduce CGT liability:
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Principal Private Residence Relief (PPR): If the inherited property is used as the beneficiary's main residence, PPR may exempt the gain from CGT.
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Business Asset Disposal Relief: Formerly known as Entrepreneurs' Relief, this may reduce the CGT rate to 10% on disposals of certain business assets, subject to qualifying conditions.
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Investor's Relief: This relief can also offer a reduced CGT rate of 10% on gains from certain shares in trading companies.
International Considerations
For beneficiaries who are not UK residents or who inherit overseas assets, special rules may apply. Non-residents may be subject to UK CGT on the disposal of UK residential property but may have different tax obligations in their country of residence. Double taxation treaties and remittance basis taxation may also be relevant.
Practical Examples
Example 1: Sale of Inherited Property
Emma inherits a house from her uncle, which has a probate value of £250,000. She decides to sell the property three years later for £300,000. Her capital gain is £50,000 (£300,000 sale price minus £250,000 probate value). If Emma has made allowable improvements costing £10,000 and incurs selling expenses of £5,000, she can deduct these costs, reducing her gain to £35,000. After applying her Annual Exempt Amount, she would pay CGT on the remaining £22,700, at the applicable rate for residential property.
Example 2: Disposal of Inherited Shares
Michael inherits shares valued at £20,000 at the date of his mother's death. He sells them later for £35,000, realizing a gain of £15,000. If he has no other capital gains in the tax year, after deducting the Annual Exempt Amount, he will pay CGT on £2,700. The CGT rate would depend on his income tax band and the type of shares.
Example 3: Mixed-Use Property Disposal
Lucy inherits a building used partly as a shop and partly as a flat. The probate value of the entire property is £500,000, with 60% attributed to the commercial part and 40% to the residential part. She sells the property for £600,000, realizing a total gain of £100,000. The gain is apportioned: £60,000 to the commercial part and £40,000 to the residential part. Different CGT rates apply to each part, and Lucy may be eligible for certain reliefs depending on her circumstances.
Conclusion
Calculating Capital Gains Tax on the disposal of inherited assets requires a detailed understanding of tax law principles, including the determination of the probate value, identification of disposals triggering CGT, and application of available reliefs and exemptions. Complex scenarios, such as mixed-use properties and partial disposals, necessitate careful calculation and possible professional valuation. The interaction between Capital Gains Tax and Inheritance Tax further complicates estate administration, requiring beneficiaries to consider both immediate and long-term tax implications. Familiarity with relevant legislation, including the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 and guidance from HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), is essential for accurately assessing and fulfilling tax obligations associated with inherited assets.