Learning Outcomes
After studying this article, you will be able to plan, structure, and draft clear internal reports or memos in a legal context. You will distinguish between informative and advisory writing, apply best practices for structuring content, and ensure your work is accurate, concise, objective, and fit for professional standards required in the SQE2 exam.
SQE2 Syllabus
For SQE2, you are required to understand how to produce effective internal reports and memoranda under assessment conditions. You must be able to:
- identify the purpose and intended reader of a report or memo
- plan and present objective, structured analysis based on legal research or fact-finding
- offer clear, reasoned advice and recommendations to colleagues or supervisors
- use an appropriate, professional format and style
- check and edit drafted documents to ensure clarity, accuracy, and compliance with legal writing conventions.
Test Your Knowledge
Attempt these questions before reading this article. If you find some difficult or cannot remember the answers, remember to look more closely at that area during your revision.
- What are the core sections and order of an internal legal report or memo?
- Which of the following should not appear in an internal report?
a) Subjective opinions without evidence
b) Factual summary
c) Legal reasoning
d) Clear recommendations - True or false? The summary of an internal report should introduce your conclusions at the start.
- Name two key differences between writing an internal report and advising a client directly.
Introduction
Written reports and memoranda are frequently required from solicitors by supervising lawyers and colleagues. For SQE2, you must demonstrate your ability to prepare structured, objective, and practical documents, presenting research, analysis, or findings in a way that supports business decisions or case management.
Key Term: internal report
A formal document prepared within a law firm, providing analysis, research findings, and recommendations for colleagues or supervisors.
The Purpose and Audience of Internal Reports
Carefully clarify the objective of the report or memo. Consider:
- Who is your reader (e.g., a partner, senior fee-earner, colleague)?
- Is the report informational, advisory, or both?
- What action/decision is expected as a result of your writing?
Always maintain a focused purpose and avoid irrelevant detail.
Key Term: objective analysis
Structured evaluation of facts or law that is evidence-based, avoids personal opinion, and supports clear conclusions.
The Structure of Internal Reports and Memos
A well-organised structure is essential for clarity and ease of use. Most internal reports follow this sequence:
- Heading (e.g., To, From, Date, Subject)
- Summary/Introduction
Concisely sets out the report’s purpose and your primary findings/conclusions.* - Background/Instructions
States how the task arose and the context. - Factual Summary
Sets out all relevant facts in a neutral manner. - Legal Issues/Analysis
Identifies the applicable law, applies it to the facts, and clearly reasons through the outcome. - Options and Recommendations
Presents practical options and gives a reasoned recommendation. - Conclusion
Briefly restates your overall assessment with next steps. - Sources/References (if required)
Each section should be clearly labelled, well-ordered, and written in the third person using plain, formal English.
Worked Example 1.1
A supervisor asks you to prepare a memo on whether the firm’s client has a valid defence to a contract claim. What sections should your memo include, and in what order?
Answer:
The memo should contain: (1) heading/details; (2) summary and purpose of the memo; (3) background/instructions; (4) factual summary; (5) identification of legal issues; (6) analysis of the law as applied to the facts; (7) available options and your recommendation; (8) a conclusion.
Maintaining Objectivity and Professionalism
Objectivity is essential: avoid subjective remarks or unsupported assertions. Use evidence from your research and state all relevant law and facts.
Where a recommendation is needed, ensure it follows logically from your analysis. Avoid excessive or uncertain language.
Key Term: reasoned recommendation
An actionable suggestion or course of action in a report, clearly linked to supporting legal analysis and facts.
Writing Style and Clarity
Use headings and subheadings for navigation. Write in short, clear paragraphs, using formal English. Bullet points may be used for lists, but avoid abbreviations or jargon unless they are explained. Refer explicitly to sources by clear legal citation if appropriate.
Proofread your report for structure, spelling, consistency, and professional tone. Check it answers the instructions and is complete.
Worked Example 1.2
You are reviewing a draft internal report that mixes your findings with personal speculation and omits clear recommendations. How should you address these weaknesses before submission?
Answer:
Revise the report to separate factual analysis from opinion, remove speculation, and base all statements on evidence or law. Add a recommendation section at the end, specifying options and advising your supervisor clearly.
Checking and Editing
Do not submit a draft before checking accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Ensure:
- All facts are correct and up to date
- Citations are accurate and cases/statutes cited are still "good law"
- There are no spelling, grammar, or formatting errors.
Revision Tip
Allocate time to review your report with fresh eyes. Check especially for missing conclusions or incomplete recommendations.
Common Pitfalls
Exam Warning
Internal memos for the SQE2 are not addressed to clients and must not use language or content aimed at a lay audience. Do not mix client advice with internal commentary.
Key Point Checklist
This article has covered the following key knowledge points:
- The main purpose and audience of internal legal reports and memos.
- The essential structure and order of report sections.
- The definition and importance of objective analysis and recommendations.
- Best practices for tone, layout, and use of citations.
- The need for careful checking and editing before submission.
Key Terms and Concepts
- internal report
- objective analysis
- reasoned recommendation